James
Addressed to the “twelve tribes,” most attribute the book of James to Jesus’ brother. The inclusion of all twelve tribes is significant for this moment in history, and the author bears an especial burden that the earliest disciples openly shared.This letter is strongly worded, containing many exhortations to live a moral and upright life. James does not hold back—he makes clear that as believers, we are called to a higher standard.
The Diaspora
/ Jew·ish di·as·po·ra / noun
The dispersion of Jewish population throughout the Empire, including most of the large cities; reaching all the way from the Persian Gulf on the east to Spain on the west. An extensive diffusion of the Jewish population throughout the Roman Empire.
The Shema
/ She·ma / noun
The centerpiece of Jewish daily morning and evening prayer services, considered by some the most essential prayer in all of Judaism. An affirmation of God’s singularity and kingship.
Shalom
/ sha·lom / noun
Derived from a root denoting wholeness or completeness, this Hebrew word is tied to the notion of shelemut, or perfection.
Archeology and the New Testament
Richard Bauckham
A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis
Craig L Blomberg
Encountering the New Testament; a Historical and Theological Survey
Walter Elwell